–ß–µ–º –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–µ—Ç —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –§–µ–æ–¥–æ—Å–∏—è

–ù–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫—É—Ä–æ—Ä—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ö—Ä—ã–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—É–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ —é–∂–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å–µ. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –§–µ–æ–¥–æ—Å–∏—è –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –æ—Ç–¥—ã—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –æ–±–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–∞–º –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–µ—à–µ–≤–ª–µ, —á–µ–º –ø—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –ø–æ —é–∂–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –ö—Ä—ã–º–∞. –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è –Ω–µ —Å–ª–∏—à–∫–æ–º –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–º—É –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤, –§–µ–æ–¥–æ—Å–∏—è –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Ö–≤–∞—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —á–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º –º–æ—Ä–µ–º –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —á–µ—Ä—Ç–µ.

–°–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –¥–ª—è —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤. –≠—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–µ—Ç —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ—é –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—É –≤ –¥–∞–ª—ë–∫–∏–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –∫–∞–∫—É—é –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º? –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å –º—É—á–∞–µ—Ç –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–≤.

–ù–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –æ—Ç–¥—ã—Ö –≤ –ï–≥–∏–ø—Ç–µ. –°–µ—Ä–≤–∏—Å –¥–ª—è —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏—è–Ω –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥–µ–Ω, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –∫–∞—Å–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∏ –≥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω–∏—Ü, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏—è–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç. –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã, —Ç–∞–º –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Ç–µ–ø–ª–æ, –∏ –≤–∞–º –±—É–¥–µ—Ç —á–µ–º –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è. –í –ï–≥–∏–ø—Ç–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω–æ–µ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–π –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö –µ–≥–∏–ø—Ç—è–Ω, —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –ø–∏—Ä–∞–º–∏–¥–∞ –•–µ–æ–ø—Å–∞, –æ–¥–Ω–æ –∏–∑ —Å–µ–º–∏ —á—É–¥–µ—Å —Å–≤–µ—Ç–∞.

–ù–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω –æ—Ç–¥—ã—Ö –≤ –¢–∞–π–ª–∞–Ω–¥–µ. –≠—Ç–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–µ—Ç —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —Ä–∞–∑–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–π «–¥–ª—è –≤–∑—Ä–æ—Å–ª—ã—Ö». –ö–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –∏ –∫—Ä–æ–º–µ –Ω–∏—Ö –≤ –¢–∞–π–ª–∞–Ω–¥–µ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –≤–µ–¥—å –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –¢–∞–π–ª–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç –≤–∞—Å —Å–∫—É—á–∞—Ç—å. –í–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤—ã –¥–∞–∂–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ –≤—ã—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–π —è–∑—ã–∫, –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–µ–π—à–∏—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤ –º–∏—Ä–∞, –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞ –∏–µ—Ä–æ–≥–ª–∏—Ñ–∞—Ö, –Ω–æ –∫—É–¥–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π, —á–µ–º –∫–∏—Ç–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–π.

–£—Ö–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ–≥—Ç–∏ —ç—Ç–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–∫ –∞–∫–∫—É—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –≤–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω. –û–Ω –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã—Ç—å —É—é—Ç–Ω—ã–º. –û–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–æ-–≥–∏–≥–∏–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–æ—Ä–º: —Å—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–µ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ—Ç–µ–Ω—Ü–∞–º–∏ –∏ —Å–∞–ª—Ñ–µ—Ç–∫–∞–º–∏.

–°–µ—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥ –≤ –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ

–ö–∞–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ —Å–µ—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥ –∑–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ì–∞–≤–∞–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ö –∫–∞–∫ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –≤–∏–¥ —Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∞, –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã–π —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º. –ê —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç —Å–µ—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–º—É –º–∏—Ä—É –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ, —á—Ç–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –∏–∑–ª—é–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏–µ–º –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ë–∂–∏ –∏ —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤, –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–∂–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –≤ –ê—Ñ—Ä–∏–∫—É.

–í –Ω–∞—à–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–µ—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥ ‚Äì —ç—Ç–æ —É–∂–µ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ —Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç, —ç—Ç–æ —Ü–µ–ª–∞—è —Ñ–∏–ª–æ—Å–æ—Ñ–∏—è. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ –ª–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–∑–∞–¥, –æ–Ω –∏ –±—ã–ª —É–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, —Ç–æ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–∏ –¥–Ω–∏ –æ–Ω —Å—Ç–∞–ª —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥—ã. –†–∞—Å—Ü–≤–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—à—ë–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ —Ö–∏–ø–ø–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–µ –æ–±—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –±—ã—Ç–æ–≤–æ–π —Ä—É—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–π, –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —Å–µ–±–µ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Å–ª–∞–∂–¥–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–æ–π –∏ –ø—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è–º–∏... –ü—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º –≤–∏–¥–µ –æ–Ω –∏ –¥–æ—à—ë–ª –¥–æ –Ω–∞—Å: —ç—Ç–æ –∞—Ç–º–æ—Å—Ñ–µ—Ä–∞ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥—ã, —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ö –∞—Ç—Ä–∏–±—É—Ç–æ–≤ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏...

–ü–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –¥–µ–ª–æ, –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏–µ —Å—ë—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥–æ–º –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑—É–º–µ–≤–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –≤–æ–ª–Ω –∏ —Ç—ë–ø–ª–æ–≥–æ –∫–ª–∏–º–∞—Ç–∞ –¥–ª—è –±–û–ª—å—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º—Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–∞, —á—Ç–æ –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞—Å –ø—Ä–µ–æ–¥–æ–ª–µ–≤–∞—Ç—å –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏—è –≤ –ø–æ–≥–æ–Ω–µ –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º–∏. –°–∞–º—ã–π –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã–π –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç ‚Äì —ç—Ç–æ –≤ –ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–ª–µ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å–µ –ê—Ç–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫–µ–∞–Ω–∞ ‚Äì –≤ –ü–æ—Ä—Ç—É–≥–∞–ª–∏—é, –ò—Å–ø–∞–Ω–∏—é, –ï–≥–∏–ø–µ—Ç –∏–ª–∏ –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ. –ò–±–æ –≤—Å–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ê–∑–∏–∏ –∏–ª–∏, –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ, –Ω–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ –ó–µ–º–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞–µ—Ç –ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∫—É –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ —Ç—É—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—ã –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è —Å–µ—Ä—Ñ–∏–Ω–≥–æ–º –≤—ã–±–∏—Ä–∞—é—Ç –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ, –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è —Ü–µ–Ω–∞–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞—é—Ç –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∫—É—Ä–æ—Ä—Ç—ã, –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ–º –æ–±–æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–ª—è–∂–µ–π, –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–∫–≤–∞–ª–∏—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º –∏ —à–∫–æ–ª–∞–º, –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—é—â–∏–º –Ω–∞—É—á–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤–∏–¥—É —Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç—É –ª—é–±–æ–º—É –∂–µ–ª–∞—é—â–µ–º—É.

–ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ — —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ —Å –Ω–∞—Å—ã—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–µ–π. –û—Ç —é–≥–∞ –ï–≤—Ä–æ–ø—ã –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—è–µ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–ª–∏–≤ –ì–∏–±—Ä–∞–ª—Ç–∞—Ä. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ –∞–≤–∏–∞–ø–µ—Ä–µ–ª—ë—Ç–∞ –≤ –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –¥–æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–∞—Ä–æ–º–æ–º. –°–∞–º—ã–µ –¥–µ—à—ë–≤—ã–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ–º—ã —Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –∏–∑ –ò—Å–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∏.¬† –í 70-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö 20-–≥–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å —Ç—É—Å–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ö–∏–ø–ø–∏, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ —Ç–µ–º –∫–∞–∫ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ì–æ–∞, –∞ –≤ 90-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –≤ –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ –º–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤–æ –ø–æ—Ç—è–Ω—É–ª–∏—Å—å –µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–µ—Ä—Ñ–µ—Ä—ã.

–î–ª–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å—è –ê—Ç–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫–µ–∞–Ω–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–æ–∫–∫–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç ~ 1835 –∫–º.